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Director of haitong securities and futures research institute believes that in the past 18 years, the stock market and commodities have formed a three-round rule of "commodity first and stock market later", but the divergence between the two markets is still intensifying. While commodities have been strong for the past two years, the corresponding sectors of the stock market have been weak. Data statistics show that on January 1, 2016, solstice, August 16, 2018, rebar steel futures rose 125%, steel index rose 25%; In the same period, copper futures rose 25%, shen wan copper plate down 10%; Over the same period, aluminum futures rose 50 percent and shenwan aluminum fell 30 percent.
According to the 2017 annual report, in terms of the year-on-year growth rate of net profit attributable to the parent company shareholders, according to the shenwan industry classification, the growth rate of steel 396%, non-ferrous metal 138%, copper and aluminum 69%, 68%, lead and zinc 447%, building materials 76%. Given the price mechanism, the transmission of higher commodity prices from upstream to downstream remains a highly probable event. The cycle plate corresponding to the stock market, such as Shanghai copper, Shanghai aluminum, rebar and the corresponding plate of listed companies, the trend has a greater deviation. Therefore, this divergence may increase the allocation of institutions to corresponding sectors in the future.
For the recent divergence between the commodity market and the stock market, the relevant people also said that the correlation between the commodity and the stock market is not very stable positive correlation. The simple logic is that all the commodities that are currently rising are raw materials, with a clear squeeze on downstream profits. Currently, due to the impact of environmental protection, orders flow to large enterprises, and the profit performance of scale enterprises is better than small and medium-sized enterprises. Under such circumstances, the upstream exploits the profits of the downstream, while the large enterprises exploit the profits of the small and medium-sized enterprises. There are structural problems in the distribution of market profits, and this structure is unstable.
Grounding rod A special product is also known as the grounding pole or grounding grid. It mainly helps to improve the electrical conductivity inside the grounding conductor and reduce the electrical resistivity. The high quality grounding rod has good corrosion resistance and good electrical conductivity and damage. The low rate and other advantages are also the “protective gods” for the safety of electricity in various fields. The following advantages of using the ground rods are discussed below.
First: long service life
The grounding rod is made of copper clad steel. The corrosion resistance is particularly good. It will not be corroded by various moisture and other elements when it is buried underground for a long time. The metal skeleton of the grounding rod is also treated with special metal materials. It also improves the overall corrosion resistance and can last for more than a few decades.
Second: the ground is buried deep
The grounding rod can be used in various fields and underground, and can be buried according to different occasions, so as to meet the low resistance value requirements of various special occasions, because the ground rod is specially connected and transmitted, so Connect and use at various depths.
Third: strong resistance reduction
The grounding rod can be integrated with the soil to effectively increase the contact area between the grounding body and the soil, greatly reducing the contact resistance and effectively improving the efficiency of the grounding rod, and the grounding rod can maintain the wettability of the surrounding soil during use. To ensure that the grounding module can more effectively exert the conductive function and reduce the contact resistance.
Fourth: a wide range of uses
Ground rods can be used in different soil environments, including soil environments with varying temperatures, temperatures, and pH or resistivity changes, and can be used in a variety of different industries such as power, construction, petrochemical, and communications. Therefore, the ground rod can be called a "grounded conductive material" that is "all-in-one".
Professional manufacturer of grounding module manufacturer Leiding Electric Co., Ltd. introduces you to the performance characteristics of the grounding module
(1) The contact area between the grounding module and the earth is large, and in the high soil resistivity area, the grounding resistance of the grounding grid can be effectively reduced.
(2) The grounding module can form good contact with various types of soil and rock to reduce the contact resistance.
(3) The grounding module has a strong moisture absorption and moisturizing effect, which can reduce the resistivity of nearby soil.
(4) Through the good ion divergence of the grounding module, the ions can be dissipated into the soil of 3 to 5 meters underground, and a stable ion layer is formed, which reduces the soil resistivity in a wide range, thereby reducing the dispersion of the soil. Current resistance
(5) The dissipation of ions can lead to deeper and deeper soils and is connected to the low resistivity region of the soil: soil layers with lower resistivity, groundwater layers and metal mineral layers to improve the flow;
(6) The preservative contained in the grounding module can make its theoretical life more than 50 years, which is far greater than the service life of galvanized round steel;
(7) If the grounding module only uses the grounding module as the resistance reduction method, regardless of the grounding The role of flat steel, the corrosion of the grounded flat steel does not affect the resistance reduction effect of the grounding module. The horizontal grounding body such as the grounding flat steel is only used as the connecting wire, and the comprehensive use time of the grounding net is more than 50 years.
(8) After several times of high current impact on the grounding module, the resistance value of the module does not increase, and it does not change hard, brittle, and no fracture;
(9) Since the grounding module uses a stable non-metallic conductive material as the conductive medium of the module, it is corrosion-resistant, non-toxic, has a long service life and is convenient to construct, and the conductivity is not affected by the season.
(10) The excellent grounding effect of the grounding module can reduce the effective length of the grounding cable.
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1. Lightning protection grounding refers to the grounding of lightning protection facilities (such as lightning rods, lightning protection belts, lightning protection nets, and lightning arresters).
2. Basic grounding refers to the use of the steel mesh in the underground foundation of the building as the grounding body instead of the artificial grounding pole.
3. Joint grounding method
The joint grounding method is also called single point grounding mode, that is, all grounding systems share a common "ground". Joint grounding has the following characteristics:
(1) The grounding system of the whole building constitutes a cage-type pressure equalizing body. For direct lightning strikes, the same layer in the building is relatively uniform; for the inductive mine, the cage-type pressure body and the frame structure of the building also interfere with the external incoming magnetic field. Provides 10-40dB shielding effect;
(2) Generally, the grounding resistance of the joint grounding method is very small, and there is no coupling effect between various grounding bodies, which is beneficial to reduce interference;
(3) It can save metal materials and occupy less land. It is not difficult to see from the above that the joint grounding method can effectively suppress the interference of the external high-voltage transmission line.
4. Protective grounding: In order to protect personal safety and prevent electrical contact, ground the exposed conductive part of the equipment, called protective grounding. There are two types of protective grounding: one is that the exposed conductive parts of the equipment are directly grounded through their respective grounding protection lines; the other is that the exposed conductive parts of the equipment are grounded through a common protective line. 5. Joint grounding within a range, called public grounding.
6.GB50057-2010 definition of equipotential bonding "Connect separate devices, conductive objects, etc. with equipotential bonding conductors or surge protectors to reduce the potential difference between the lightning currents."
The construction needs to be carried out according to the engineering design. The requirements in the construction drawings have been written. For the practice, please refer to the relevant national standard atlas. The requirements for grounding resistance are generally: direct lightning strike ground is less than 10 ohms; independent (dedicated) grounding is less than 4 ohms; joint grounding is less than 1 ohm. Special occasions or equipment have special requirements according to their requirements.
1) Working ground: The grounding to ensure that the power equipment meets the normal working requirements is called the working ground. In a power system where the neutral point is directly grounded, the neutral point of the transformer is grounded, or the neutral point of the generator is grounded.
2) Protective grounding: In order to protect personal safety and prevent contact electricity, the exposed conductive part of the equipment is grounded, which is called protective grounding. There are two types of protective grounding: one is that the exposed conductive parts of the equipment are directly grounded through their respective grounding protection lines; the other is that the exposed conductive parts of the equipment are grounded through a common protective line.
3) Repeated grounding: In the direct grounding system of the neutral line, in order to ensure the safety and reliability of the protection, in addition to the working grounding at the neutral point of the transformer or generator, the necessary grounding is also carried out elsewhere in the protection line, called repeated grounding. .
4) Protection neutral line: In the 380/220V low voltage system, since the neutral point is directly grounded, the outer casing of the electrical equipment is usually connected to the neutral line, which is called the low voltage protection neutral line.
Professional manufacturer of grounding module manufacturer Leiding Electric Co., Ltd. introduces you to the performance characteristics of the grounding module
(1) The contact area between the grounding module and the earth is large, and in the high soil resistivity area, the grounding resistance of the grounding grid can be effectively reduced.
(2) The grounding module can form good contact with various types of soil and rock to reduce the contact resistance.
(3) The grounding module has a strong moisture absorption and moisturizing effect, which can reduce the resistivity of nearby soil.
(4) Through the good ion divergence of the grounding module, the ions can be dissipated into the soil of 3 to 5 meters underground, and a stable ion layer is formed, which reduces the soil resistivity in a wide range, thereby reducing the dispersion of the soil. Current resistance
(5) The dissipation of ions can lead to deeper and deeper soils and is connected to the low resistivity region of the soil: soil layers with lower resistivity, groundwater layers and metal mineral layers to improve the flow.
(6) The preservative contained in the grounding module can make its theoretical life more than 50 years, which is far greater than the service life of galvanized round steel.
(7) If only the grounding module is used as the drag reducing method in the grounding network, regardless of the role of the grounded flat steel, the corrosion of the grounded flat steel does not affect the resistance reduction effect of the grounding module, and the horizontal grounding body such as the grounding flat steel is only used as The use of connecting wires, the comprehensive use time of the ground net is more than 50 years
(8) After the grounding module has been subjected to multiple large current surges, the resistance value of the module does not increase, and it does not change hard, brittle, and no fracture.
(9) Since the grounding module uses a stable non-metallic conductive material as the conductive medium of the module, it is corrosion-resistant, non-toxic, has a long service life and is convenient to construct, and the conductivity is not affected by the season.
(10)The excellent grounding effect of the grounding module can reduce the effective length of the grounding cable.
Those who have studied physics know that most of the electricity used in life is a single-phase 220 volt power supply. There are usually two wires in the house. One is a fire wire and the other is a zero wire. Although the neutral wire is not charged, there is no neutral wire. If you don't make a loop, you can't work; but we have a zero line. Why use electric appliances such as refrigerators, electric fans, washing machines, etc., but also the grounding wire? The following copper-plated round wire manufacturers tell you why.
Electricity is one of the greatest inventions of mankind, and now every aspect of our lives is indispensable. But at the same time, electricity can't be seen or touched. In case of electric shock, the current is small, but if the current is too large, it will endanger people's lives. The "electric tiger" will eat people. In order to ensure personal safety, people have added a third line for the electrical appliances - the protective ground wire, referred to as the ground wire. One end of the ground wire is connected to the outer casing of the electric appliance, and one end is connected to the grounding pole buried in the ground.
In this way, when the insulation inside the appliance is damaged, the electricity flows from the ground to the ground, and people do not have to worry about getting an electric shock. But some people may say: "I have seen a lot of electrical appliances, but I have never seen any wires connected to the ground?" The grounding wire is not connected to a wire from each electrical appliance, and then buried underground. You see, most of the electrical appliances have three legs, one of which can be grounded. This ground wire is pre-installed. Maybe a building has only one ground wire. Other electrical appliances are connected to this ground wire. Connected. At the same time, the grounding device is provided on the outer casing of the general electrical appliance. When using the appliance, just plug the three-pin plug and it is grounded. So, you don't think the appliance seems to be grounded. In fact, it has already been connected. Otherwise, can you use it so safely?
However, is it true that all electrical appliances must be grounded? it's not true. For example, the TV does not need to be grounded, because the metal parts that people can touch on the TV are not connected to the case. If the TV of this structure is grounded, once the power plug is reversed, the case will be charged. Causes danger. If you have more questions about the grounding wire, please contact the copper-plated round wire manufacturer!
The working principle and function of the grounding module
1) The grounding module has a long service life: the main body of the grounding module is corrosion-resistant material, and its metal skeleton is made of metal material whose surface is treated with anti-corrosion treatment. Therefore, the grounding module has excellent corrosion resistance and the service life is more than 30 years. .
2) The grounding module reduces the ground potential counterattack: the non-metallic material of the grounding module makes a relatively low-resistance region between the metal and the soil with a large difference in electrical resistivity. When the large current is impacted, the grounding body and the grounding wire can be temporarily lowered. The potential gradient reduces the step voltage and contact voltage and reduces the probability of a ground potential counterattack.
3) Stable grounding resistance: The grounding module itself has strong moisture absorption and moisturizing ability, so that the soil around the grounding module is kept moist, ensuring that the grounding module can effectively exert the conductive effect; at the same time, the conductive property of the conductive material in the grounding body is not affected by dry humidity and high The effects of seasonal changes such as low temperatures provide stable grounding resistance.
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